• Chapter 1 - Introduction and historical background
• Chapter 2 - Mechanism and designation
• Chapter 3 - Case example
• Chapter 4 - Characteristics
• Chapter 5 - Six Causes
• Chapter 6 - Identifying light pillars in cirriform clouds

Working with eyewitness testimony that is obtained from accidental observers, sometimes years or even decades after the reported event took place, is always a risky enterprise. Many of the reports that were selected when we set out to study the phenomenon appeared to contain dubious or even flawed data. The descriptions of what was observed could often be interpreted in more than one way, and basic information, such as the azimuth and elevation of the phenomenon, were almost never indicated.

As was to be expected, books, magazines and web sites that deal with UFOs, caused the most problems. Not only because many of the anecdotic data published in these publications stem from untrained observers, but also because of the biased way in which reports of unusual sky phenomena are usually dealt with by people in the UFO community. Our many years of experience in this remarkable field of pseudo scientific inquiry has taught us that the people who investigate and publish UFO sightings tend to focus on the most extraordinary details in a narrative, while ignoring those details that may point in the direction of a natural explanation. Moreover, when writing up the results of their investigations, ufologists often resort to a vocabulary that is closely allied to UFO lore and space age terminology. In that way, a pillar-shaped light may soon degenerate into "a disc seen on edge".

Fortunately, not everyone in the UFO field ignores the possibility that even the more convincing UFO reports may have a natural cause. In the night of January 2, 1977 a fiery red, cigar-shaped object was spotted in the sky over Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The object was observed by several independent witnesses from different locations close to the port of the city. One of the observers said that the object looked like "a bright rocket or a luminous cigar with a tail". The same witness added that "it clearly moved and finally disappeared into the clouds". Luckily, that same night, the unidentified "object" was also observed and photographed by UFO author Hans VAN KAMPEN, who immediately identified it as a reflection from one of the flares at the Shell oil plant in the harbour [25]. The movement was probably an illusion caused by clouds moving in front of the reflection. Had VAN KAMPEN not looked out of the window that night, the idea of a gas flame reflecting off clouds as an explanation for these sightings might never have been considered.

The problem of finding a sure identification for sightings of light pillars is further complicated by the existence of several other sky phenomena that can take the shape of a vertical pillar, a tear-drop or a round patch of light. In reports where date and time are mentioned, the astronomical situation was checked to see if Sun or Moon related optical phenomena, such as moon dogs and sun pillars, could not have created the confusion. Even a crescent moon shining through a cloud layer can look very similar to the phenomenon that we are interested in. Confusion with other nocturnal lights (especially contrails of aircraft, auroral pillars and chemical clouds released by rockets) is also possible, and their presence at the time of the sighting is often difficult, if not impossible, to verify, especially when the incident occurred many years ago.

The crescent moon shining through a layer of cirrostratus.
[© Wim VAN UTRECHT/CAELESTIA]

Sun pillar over Lake Tahoe, Nevada.  [© James KIRKPATRICK - more pictures by this photographer can be viewed at jameskirkpatrick.com]

Condensation trail illuminated by the setting Sun. The trail is almost stationary and appears near vertical in the image. The reason for this is that the airliner that produces it is moving away from the camera. [© Wim VAN UTRECHT/CAELESTIA]

Chemical clouds are released by rockets to study the Earth's atmosphere. Usually they paint capricious patterns of light in the sky, but when there is little wind they can take on an elongated vertical shape such as the barium clouds in this time exposure, taken at New Jersey in May 1967. [Black & white photo from the collection of the late August C. ROBERTS - image scanned from Photographs of the Unknown, compiled by Robert RICKARD and Richard KELLY and first published by New English Library Ltd in Great Britain in 1980]

Auroral pillars photographed over Dover, Oklahoma, during the great display of October 29-31, 2003.  [Photo by Dave EWOLDT - image found on science.nasa.gov]

One way to find out if reflections from ground-based light sources may have been responsible for a specific sighting, is to use a detailed map of the location and look for oil refineries, chemical works, steel factories or blast furnaces in the direction in which the unknown phenomenon was situated. Aerial imagery, such as the images that can be found on Google Earth, can be of great use here. In two cases, employees at the petrochemical complex in Antwerp assisted CAELESTIA in identifying nocturnal lights by checking if there was an increase in the quantities of gases that were burned off during the sightings. Still, it was only after repeated requests and personal contacts that we were given a quick look at this data. Because of the pollution and the noise they entail, flaring activities are not good for the public image of oil and gas companies, which is why most of them are not keen on sharing this type of information with outsiders.

Another way to try and find confirmation is to check local newspapers or the Internet to see if there was a fire in the direction of the reported phenomenon. The same sources can also tell you if there were special festivities going on at which lightshows may have been used. Night clubs use powerful spotlights frequently, so it may pay off to check the locations of local discos as well.

As for fishing boats with powerful lights, we refer to the previous chapter where a list can be found of the waters in which these boats operate.

Wim VAN UTRECHT (July 2007)

[25] VAN KAMPEN, Hans, "Nachtelijke lichten boven Nederland" in Aarde & Kosmos, March 1977, pp. 133-134.